Pilipino: Sibilisado???

Sa simula ng KASPIL1, maraming tinanong si Sir. Arleigh sa mga napag-aralan namin tungkol sa Pilipinas noong grade school at high school. Ang mga sagot namin pare-pareho. Pero iyon pala mali ung mga alam namin. Matagal na pala na-debunk ang mga teorya na naituro samin noong grade school at high school. Isa na dito ang walang kamatayang wave of migration theory, halos lahat ng tanungin mo ngayon na mga bata o matanda kung sino ang unang tao sa Pililinas, isa lang ang sagot na maririnig mo, ang mga Negrito. Nakakalungkot isipin na matagal na pala itong na-debunk ngunit hindi pa rin alam ng mga guro sa eskuwelahan. Ngayong kolehiyo ko lamang nalaman, samantalang hindi pa ako naipapanganak ay na-debunk na ito. Patunay lamang na mahalaga ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayang ng Pilipinas maging sa kolehiyo upang malaman ang pinakabagong mga datos ukol sa ating nakaraan, dahil kakaunti pa lang naman ang nalalaman natin tungkol dito.

Sibilisado ang mga sinaunang Pilipino, hindi tulad ng mga ipinahihiwatig ng mga Espanyol. Mayroon tayong sariling klase ng gobyerno, pagsusulat, relihiyon atbp. Maganda rin ang pag-uugali ng mga Pilipino dahil ayon nga sa mga Intsik ay tapat tayong mga manganalakal. Ang isa pa ay hindi barbariko ang patrato natin sa mga nagkakasala. Napakalinis din sa katawan ng mga sinaunang Pilipino, palagi sila naliligo at maging sa kanilang kapaligiran. Dahil nga naniniwala sila sa animismo, mabait sila sa kalikasan upang maging mabait din ito sa kanila.

Marami akong natuklasan na bago tungkol sa ating mga Pilipino. Para bang narerediscover kong muli ang ating kasaysayan. Naniniwala ako na kahit sinasaing bata pa at bago ang ating kultura ay hindi mo maikakaila na ito ay mayaman, at makulay. Ang ating kasaysayan bago pa man tayo nasakop ng mga Kastila, Amerikano at Hapon ay sibilisado na. Patunay lamang na kahit hindi nila tayo nadiskubre, tayo ay uunlad ng mag-isa. O baka nga mas mabilis tayong umunlad kung hindi nila tayo sinakop. Naniniwala ako na ang ating kultura ang sumasalamin sa atin bilang mga Pilipino. Dahil sa mga nalaman ko ukol sa ating kasaysayan at kultura, mas naging proud ako sa ating lahi. Ang pagkuha sa kursong ito ay nakatulong sa akin upang malinawan sa mga bagay na hindi nabigyang pansin sa aking mga dating pag-aaral.

– Mhika Lumayag

Pingmulan ng Pilipino

Pilipinas

Ang Pilipinas ay isang arkipelagong bansa na binubuo ng 7,107 na isla.

Panahong Prehistorikal

Ang Pilipinas ay nagsimula mabuo 3,000,000 taon na ang nakararaan, dahil sa diastropismo,volcanic activity, at erosion.

Mga unang tao sa Pilipinas:

1.Tabon Man ( 24,000-22,000 BCE)
– ito ay natagpuan sa Tabon Cave sa Palawan ni Dr. Robert Fox taong 1962-1966.
2. Cagayan Man ( nabuhay diumano ng mga 750,000 BCE)
– wala pang direktang ebidensya ang nakalap pero may mga natagpuan na
stone tools, at fossil fragments ng mga hayop na nabuhay sa panahon na iyon.

Austronesian Theory
Ayon sa teoryang ito, nagmula daw ang mga Pilipino sa mga Austronesian. Mayroong 2 teorya ukol sa mga Austronesians.

1. Island Origin Theory
– Willhelm Solheim II
-Austronesian- language family
-ayon dito ang mga Austronesians daw ay galing sa Southeast Aia
-sila daw ay mga mangingisda
-ang kanilang pinanggalingan ay East Indonesia at Southern Philippines

2. Mainland Origin
-Peter Bellwood
-galing daw sa Mainland China ang mga ito tapos pumunta ng Northern Vietnam, tapos sa Taiwan, sumunod sa Pilipinas
-sila daw ang nagdala dito ng mga kagamitan na ginamit noong Neolithic Age

Mga kontrobersiya ukol sa pinagmulan ng mga Pilipino:

Wave of Migration Theory
Ayon sa teoryang ito na ginawa ni Henry Beyer, nagkaroon daw ng malakihang pagdating ng mga tao dito sa Pilipinas. Nakarating daw sila dito gamit ang lupang tulay o kaya naman ay naglayag sa tubig. Mayroon daw sariling katangiang pisikal at cultural ang bawat grupo.

Ang mga grupo ng tao na kasama sa Wave of Migration theory:

1. Primitive Man o katulad ng Java Man at Peking Man
2. Negritos
3. Indonesian A
4. Indonesian B
5. Mga tao mula sa Central Asia
6. Malay ( sa kanila daw nanggaling ang lahing Pilipino, maging ang ating kultura)

a. ang mga Negrito ang mga unang taong dumating dito sa Pilipinas

Na-debunk na ang teoryang ito ni Beyer dahil sa mga sumusunod na mga dahilan/argumento:

1. No bones or physical evidence to prove the theory.
2. Assuming there were bones found, hoe did Beyer connect the skeletal remains with the physical and cultural traits of the people? No data to support claim.
3. Bones will not show the physical characteristics of the people except height and sex. It is impossible to connect physical much more cultural traits to merely bone remains. Anthropometry cannot determine genetic traits.
4. Local developments were ignored and the creativity of the people was not appreciated.
5. Why attribute all the cultural traits to the immigrants?
6. Why are all the cultural knowledge of the Filipinos derived from external influences?
7. Cultural traits came from the response and the local adaptation of the people from the environment and not from external influences.
8. Why attribute physical traits to cultural traits?
9. How did the immigrants came to the Philippines in terms of waves? How did they know
their destination?
10. How were they able to establish a community knowing that they were all new to the area and the local environment? Were they not affected by the perils of the new environment?
11. Beyer is arguing that all our cultural traits came from the immigrants. Were our ancestors unable to make their own cultural traits?
12. Cultural traits are the products of our ancestor’s adaptation and response to the environment and local conditions.

b. sa Malay galing ang lahi at kulturang Pilipino

1. Fossil remains cannot show the skin color of a person.
2. Bones will not show the physical characteristics of the people except height and sex. It is impossible to connect physical much more cultural traits to merely bone remains. Anthropometry cannot determine genetic traits.
3. Bones cannot show the physical traits and cultural traits.
4. Malays are different from the Filipinos.
5. There can be similarities but the similarities are due to the same environment that both Filipinos and Malays were subjected into (ex. Tropical climate, plant resources) but the differences will come from their responses to these conditions.
6. The Tabon fossil cannot show that we came from the Malays.

Panahong Prekolonyal

Gobyerno

Ang mga sinaunang Pilipino ay mayroon ng sariling sistema ng gobyerno bago pa man dumating sila Ferdinand Magellan. Ito ay tinatawag na barangay., ito ay pinamumunuan ng isang Datu. Ang namununo sa mga datu ay ang Raha.Mayroon ding mga sultanato dahil sa impluwensya ng relihiyong Islam. Ang Sultanato ay pinamumunuan ng isang Sultan. Walang namumuno sa buong arkipelago kundi sa mga barangay lamang at sultanato.

Relihiyon

Ang relihiyon ng mga sinaunang Pilipino ay Animismo, ang pagsamba sa mga espiritu ng kalikasan para sa magandang buhay. Dumating din ang relihiyong Islam sa arkipelago dala ng mga mangangalakal at misyonaryong galing sa Malaysia at Indonesia. Ito ay nagsimula sa Sulu at kumalat sa iba pang parte ng Mindanao.

Economics

Maaga pa lamang ay nakikipagkalakalan na ang mga sinaunang Pilipino sa mga Intsik, Hapon,Muslim at iba pang mga bansa sa Asya.

Mga ebidensya ng pakikipagkalakalan sa mga Intsik:

1.Chau Ju Kua- Chu Fan Chih- Records of Various Barbarian Nations
-1225 CE Sung Dynasty
Mga kinakalakal ng mga Intsik – porcelain, trade gold, iron pots, black lead, glass beads, iron needles.
Mga kinakalakal ng mga Pilipino – beeswax, cotton, pearl,tortoise shell, bird’s nest, betel nut.

2.Tao-I-Chi-Lioh-Summary Notices of the Barbarians of the Isles-
-1349 CE- Yuan Dynasty
– trade in Manila, Mindanao,Sulu,Visayas.

3.Trade in Butuan- base sa Sung Shih – History of the Sung or the Sung Annals
-960-1275 CE
-wooden boats, Tang porcelain

• Ang mga Pilipino daw ay mga tapat na mangamgalakal ayon sa mga Intsik.

Social Classes

Datu – mga namumuno
Maharlika – mga mayayaman o may kapangyarihan at impluwensya
Timawa – mga karaniwang tao
Aliping Namamahay – mga alipin na may sariling bahay
Aliping Saguiguilid – mga alipin na walang sariling bahay
Edukasyon

Mayroong sariling sistema ng pagsusulat ang mga sinaunang Pilipino. Ito ay tinatawag na baybayin o alibata.

Ang baybayin>>>

Mga kontrobersya sa prekolonyal na panahon:

1. Kalantiao Code
– ginawa daw ni Raha Kalantiaw
-original was in the possession of Don Marcelo Orfila in1839
– (1912-1939) Jose E. Marco from Pontevedra, Occidental Negros sold the text to Alexander Robertson who published an english translation.
– made up of 36 offenses offenses, 18, theses, 15 punishments without relation to the nature or severity of the crime
Halimbawa: I. “ Ye shall not kill; neither ye steal; neither shall ye do hurt the aged’ lest ye incur danger of death. All those who infringe this [ shall be condemned ] to death by being drowned with stones in the river or in boiling water…

Argumento laban sa Kalantiao Code:

1. Content is peculiar
2. Promulgated by a central authority of sufficient power to put chieftains to death if not enforced. Is this possible? Precolonial system is decentralized.
3. Hard to understand and apply
4. Contradictory
5. Very un-Filipino, very harsh, severe, sadist, and vicious. Filipinos usually punish in terms of fines and servitude.

Konklusyon:

Ang Kalantiaw Code ay hindi nag-exist bago mag 1914.

2. Maragtas Code at ang 10 Bornean Datu

-galing kay Pedro Monteclaro, nakuha daw niya ito sa kanyang Lolo
– kasaysayan ng ng mga unang nanirahan sa Panay galing sa Borneo
– nakalagay ang manuskripto sa kawayan

Mga nilalaman:

1.Marikudo – Datu of the Aetas in Panay – customs, clothes etc.
2. the arrival of the 10 Bornean Datu – escaped from Datu Makatunaw because of his cruelty
3. Panay was bought by the 10 Datus from Marikudo. They bought it for 1 golden salakot and a bain. Maniwantiwan, wife of Maikudo was given a necklace that was ankle length.
4. The Aeta Datu gave in return crabs, a boar, and a white deer.
5. The Datus were Puti, Sumakwel, Bangkaya, Paiburong, Padoninog, Dumangsol, Dumatogdog, Lubay, Balensuela, and Dumangsil.
6. Love story- Sumakwel, Kapinangan, Gurung-gurung
7. The journey of the Datus in Panay
8. The customs of the Borneans.

Mga argumento laban sa Maragtas Code:

1. Source- illegible; Monteclaro did not mention if the source was transcribed from the original document.
2. This is based on Panay folklore, custom and legend remembered or practiced by the people in Panay.
3. Based on folklore of the migration of Bornean settlers recorded in 1858. People from Panay consider them as folk heroes and Pagan deities.
4. A description of an idealized political confederation that never existed – Confederacy of Madias.
5. No information was given about the language and conditions of the original manuscript except that it was illegible.
6. No information about the author of the source.
7. No comment about the date of the manuscript except that it was 5 centuries old.
8. No written copy ever survived.
9. Conservative Filipino groups who use prehispanic scripts have no tradition of recording history or legal decisions.
10. No such term as Confederacy of Madias existed.

Konklusyon:

Mahirap malaman kung ito ba yay katotohanan o hindi. May mga pangyayari na base sa mga aktwal na pangyayari pero mahirap sabihin kung kailan ito nagyari o kung ito ay historikal.

1. Prinsesa Urduja
-isang prinsesa sa Pangasinan
-Ibn Batuta – isang manlalakbay na gumawa ng journal ng kanyang paglalakbay
-Prinsesa Urduja ng Tawalisi – isang Amasona, na napanalunan ang kanyang siyudad na Kailukari sa pamamagitan ng kanyang galing sa pakikipaglaban
-nakakapagsalita ng Turko, nakakapagsulat ng Arabo, hindi magpapakasal sa kahit kanino hanggat hindi saya natatalo nito sa labanan

Ang tanong ay: Nasan ang Tawalisi? Nasa Pangasinan, Celebes, Luzon, Sulu?

 mayroong isang babae na nagngangalan ding Urduja
 asawa siya ng isang Turkong Sultan
 Uzbeg-khan-Urduja ang pangalan niya
 nagsasalita din siya ng Turko
Konlusyon:

Si Urduja ay isa lamang alamat, walang pruweba ng kanyang existence.

– Mhika Lumayag

Riza-whaaaa???

The Knights of Rizal: an order institution

The history of the Order of the Knights of Rizal go back to December 30, 1911 when Colonel Antonio C. Torres organized a 9 group of men from different walks of life for the purpose of commemorating in a fitting manner the execution and martyrdom of our foremost national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Thereafter, year after year, the same group would gather to celebrate the birth and commemorate the death of Dr. Jose Rizal. During Rizal Day celebrations, this group would be seen conspicuously on horseback reminiscent of the knights of old known for their chivalry and exemplary life.
To provide a continuing entity and to encourage others to join them, these admirers of Dr. Rizal on November 16, 1916, organized a private non-stock corporation and named it the “Orden de Caballeros de Rizal.”
The incorporators of the corporation were: Antonio C. Torres, Juan Flameño, Martin P. de Veyra, Jose A. del Barrio and Jose S. Galvez.

Their activities comprise of:
– To study and spread the teachings of Rizal;
– To organize and to hold annual programs in honor of Rizal such as June 19 (birth anniversary) and December 30 commemorating his martyrdorn;
– To hold programs, ‘convocations, seminars, training institutes in schools and universities;
– To hold oratorical and essay contests among students and private citizens;
– To organize institutional chapters from the elementary to’ the college level under the auspices of the local chapter;
– To help organize auxiliary units composed of women civic leaders who may. Function as counterpart organizations of the local chapter;
– To solicit and donate books, writings and- other reading materials by and about -the national hero to libraries and other reading centers;
– To sponsor ‘contesi and give awards to outstanding citizens for outstanding achievements in the arts and sciences, the professions, industry, agriculture, and the promotion of international understanding.
– To erect, if there be none, ‘a monument, marker or bust of Rizal within the proper vicinity or locality,
– To sponsor literary contests on poetry, essays and characters in Rizal’s novels; within the context
– To participate and discuss public issues of Riza I’s philosophy and ideals which will promote unity, freedom and peace with justice; and

Projects like charity and fund raising projects are the top prioritized activities of the Knights of Rizal. Like their collaboration with private institutions, as well as the government makes their activities contribute to the community service of the Philippines. To become a Knight of Rizal is purely a fraternal title, and does not imply that its bearer becomes aristocratic, in name or in blood. However, he may add his rank after his name to indicate his membership, without the prefix “Sir”, which is limited to a polite means of addressing each other within the Order. It does not, by any means, ennoble a Knight of Rizal. It is well recommended that Knights of Rizal refer to themselves as brothers, in any official capacity, to avoid confusion with the British title that denotes nobility. European Chapters are well advised to act accordingly. In any case, Knights of Rizal should never use their rank for self-serving purposes. It should only be used in connection with the Order and to its charitable, social or cultural activities, and hence must not interfere with heraldic jurisdictions of states that have constituted own orders of chivalry that run back to and have deep roots in feudalism. Such has never been the case in the Philippines not even during the long centuries of Spanish colonization. Despite nobility existing in the Philippines during the Spanish regime, the idea and concept of a chivalric institution patterned after the European model never came to pass.

-Basil Valdez