Sa Kamay ng Espanya at Nasyonalismong Pilipino

Noong taong 1521, si Ferdinand Magellan, isang manlalakabay na Portuguese , ay nakarating sa Samar. Pinangalanan niya ang lugar bilang Islas de San Lazaro. Nakipag-kaibigan si Magellan kay Humabon, ang hari ng Cebu, at dahil dito, marami ang nabinyagan bilang Katoliko. Si Lapu-lapu, ang hari ng Mactan noong panahon na iyon ay tutol kay Magellan. Naganap ang Battle of Mactan noong April 27, 1521 at dito napatay si Magellan. Hindi dito nagtapos ang ekspidisyon ng Espanaya. Sumo dang ekspidisyon nila Loaisa, Cabot, Saavedra, Villalobos at Legazpi.

Sa taong 1565, sinakop ng Espanya ang arkipelago. Napilitang makipagkasundo si Tupas, anak ni Humabon, na ipasailalalim ang Pilipinas sa pamamahala ng Espanya.

Crus at espada, ito ang symbolo ng Espanya. Ginamit ng Espanya ang relihiyong Katoliko upang mas madaling mapasailalim ang taum-bayan. Sa iba naman na tutol at sumusuway pa rin sa utos ng espanya, gagamitan sila ng dahas mapasunod.

Namalagi ng 333 taon ang mga Espanyol dito sa Pilipinas at sa mga taong nandito sila, marami silang ginawang mga batas at polisiya na hindi makatarungan. Ilang halimbawa dito:

· Polo y Servicio

o Sapilitang pagtatarabaho ng mga lalaking may edad na 18-20 taon

· Bandala

o Pagkakaroon ng kota ng mga magsasaka

Ang karamihan naman sa prayle na naipadala dito sa Pilipinas ay manloloko at maaabuso. Ginagamit nila ang pananampalataya upang magkapera. Tinatakot din nila ang taum-bayan. Noong panahong iyon, napakataas ng posisyon ng prayle sa gobyerno kaya’t marami silang naipakulong at napapatay. Isa na rito ang Gomburza.

Kilala ang Gomburza bilang mga secular na pari. Ang mga secular na pari ay ang mga paring Pilipino na nagpapatakbo sa maliliit na parokya sa Pilipinas na sumasailalim sa Obispo. Noong 1774, ipinatupad ang pagbisita ng Obispo sa iba’t-ibang parokya. Ang mga regular, mga prayleng Espanyol, ay hindi sumang-ayon dito ngunit wala silang nagawa. Dahil dito, maraming regular ang napilitang umalis sa kanikanilang parokya. Ang mga secular na pari ang pumalit sa pwesto ng mga regular na prayle. Sa huli, dahil sa pagpupumilit, pagdadahilan na ang mga Pilipino ay hindi nararapat, at diskriminasyon ng mga regular na pari, naibalik sa kanila ang kanilang parokya.

Sina Father Burgos, Gomez at Zamorra ay napagbintangan na namuno sa Cavite Mutiny. Sila ay ipinapatay sa pamamagitan ng garotte noong February 17, 1872.

Ang pagpatay sa Gomburza ang sinasabing nagpausbong sa Nasyonalismo ng marami sa mga Pilipino. Ilan pa sa mga dahilan kung bakit umusbong ang nasyonalismo ng Pilipino ay ang mga sumusunod:

· Gomburza Execution

o Nagalit ang maraming Pilipino dahil sa di-makatarungnang pag-patay sa kanila. Umusbong ang Nasyonalismo dahil sag alit sa mga prayle at sa Espanya.

· British invasion of Manila

o Nang dahil sa Seven Years War, sinugod ng Britanya ang Maynila. Bumagsak sa Britanya ang Maynilang hawak ng mga Espanyol. Naisip ng mga Pilipino na kayang pabagsakin kahit na ang akalang malakas na Espanya.

· Pagbubukas ng Suez Canal

· Ilustrado Class

o Ang mga may kayang Pilipino ay nagkaroon ng pagkakataon upang mag aral sa ibang bansa. Sila ay natuto ng konsepto ng liberalismo.

· Liberal na pamumuno ni Carlos Ma. De la Torre

· Secularization Movement

o Ang mga Pilipinong pari ang mamumuno sa mga simbahan dito sa Pilipinas. Nabuhay ang nasyonalismo ng mga Pilipino dahil nalaman nilang kaya natin magsarili at magpatakbo ng sarili nating Simbahan.

· Frailocracy

o Ang mga pryleng mapangabuso ay nagkaroon ng posisyon sa gobyerno. Sa sobrang pagmamalupit nila, umusobong ang nasyonalismo ng Pilipino. Gusto nilang lahat na paalisin na ang mga ito.

Isa lang ang puno’t-dulo kung bakit umusbong ang nasyonalismong Pilipino. Ito ay dahil sa sobrang pagmamalupit at pangaabuso ng mga Espanyol. Naging dahilan ang galit at lungkot upang magkaisa ang lahat. Ang nasyonalismong ito ay may isang layunin lamang, at ito ang gawing mabuti ang kalagayan n gating bansa at ng mga taon nakatira dito.

Reflection:

Isa lang, para sa akin, ang pinupunto ng ikatlong modyul, at ito ang nasyonalismo. Iba’t-iba ang pakahulugan ng mga tao sa salitang nasyonalismo. Noon ang pakahulugan ko sa nasyonalismo ay paggawa ng mabuti para sa bayan. Ngayon ay nadagdagan pa. Ang nasyonalismo ay pagmamahal sa bansa. Hindi lang dahil sa napipilitan kang gumawa ng mabuti kaya’t gagawa ka ng mabuti. Dahil mahal mo ang iyong bansa kaya gagawa ka ng mabuti. Ito ang natutunan ko sa ikatlong modyul. Maging isang Pilipinong may nasyonalismo.

-  Earl Dominic P. De Vera

Colonial Policies

I. What is colonial policies?
a. Definition of term
b. Kinds of Colonial Policies
c. Objectives of Colonial Policies
II. Reasons why Filipinos were not able to remove Colonial Policies
III. Different Revolts against Colonial Policies
a. Sumuroy Revolt
b. Maniago Revolt
c. Agrarian Revolts
d. Silang Revolt
e. Palaris Revolt
f. Basi Revolt
IV. The Execution of Gomburza
a. Reasons
b. Effects
V. Birth of Nationalism

I. Colonial Policies
a. Definition
- Colonial Policies are the rules implemented by the Spaniards in the Philippines in order to prevent and destroy the unity among Filipinos

b. Kinds of Colonial Policies
1. Monopoly – controlling the goods and resources of Filipinos
2. Exploitation – gathering of products which are produced by Filipinos
3.. Land grabbing – used by friars in order to make the Filipinos pay
a required amount(quota) before the next harvest. If not paid, the debt will be added to the nest harvest until the quota is reached.
4. Polo y servicio – forced labor

c. Objectives of Colonial Policies
- To prevent and destroy the unity among Filipinos
- To be able to centralized and exploit goods and resources
- To abuse Filipinos
- To gain power and at the same time, money

II. Reasons why there is no unity among Filipinos to fight Colonial Policies
- Filipinos only care about their own provinces
- They tend to save their problems on their own interests
- There is still no sense of nationalism among Filipinos

III. Different Revolts against Colonial Policies
a. Sumuroy Revolt (1649-1650)
Sumuroy Revolt was lead by a Waray in Eastern Visiyas known as Juan Ponce Sumuroy. The rebellion originally started at Palapag (present name is Northern Samar) but dramatically spread to the Region. The main reason for the Sumuroy rebellion was the Spaniards’ forced recruiting of workers from Eastern Visayas and other neighboring regions to work in the Cavite shipyards. Even this rebellion is popular, it was still suppressed by the Spaniards.

b. Maniago Revolt (1660-1661)
Maniago Revolt was lead by Don Francisco Maniago. Polo and bandala are the main reasons why Maniago Rebellion was founded. The rebels, even though struggling for the freedom of Filipino natives, were weakened by Gov. de Lara and his cooperation with the Arayat chief Macapagal.

c. Agrarian Revolt (1745-1746)
Agrarian revolt was composed of different regions fighting together namely Batangas, Laguna, Cavite and Bulacan. These regions are called before as Calabarzon. This rebellion started in two towns of Batangas namely Lian and Nasugbu. The main reason for the Agrarian Revolt was the too much abuse of friars in land grabbing. The rebels demanded that the friars should return their lands on the basis of ancestral domain. Despit being popular, this revolt was destroyed by the Spaniards.

d. Silang Revolt (1762-1763;1763-1764)
The Silang revolt is one of the most famous revolts in Philippine History led by the couple Diego and Gabriela Silang. Unlike the other revolts, this revolt took place during the British Invasion of Manila. Diego Silang declared independence of Ilocandia, naming it “Free Ilocos” and proclaimed Vigan as the capital of the newly-independent state. After hearing about the declaration, the British asked for the help of Diego Silang in fighting the Spanish. However, Diego Silang was killed by his own friend, Miguel Vicos, who was been paid by the Spaniards. Resulting from the death of Diego, his wife, Gabriela, carried and continued the rebellion in her own arms. Because of the many victories she had, she was given the title “Joan of Arc of the Ilocos”. The battles of Silang is an example of divide et impera because the Spaniards used other Filipinos to fight the rebels. The revolt ended when the Ilocos lost and Gabriela was captured. She was executed in Vigan by Spanish authorities on September 10, 1763.

e. Palaris Revolt (1762-1765)
Palaris revolt, which started in Pangasinan, was lead by Juan de la Cruz Palaris of Binalatongan (now known as San Carlos City). The revolt started because of the failure of the Spanish government to satisfy the petition of the people namely, 1.) the return of tributes that had been collected, 2.) the removal of schoolmasters and the church officials, 3.) removal of the alkalde mayor of the provine, Don Joaquin Gamboa, 4.) permanence in office for the master-of-camp the province, Andres Lopez who is a native, and 5.) a promise that they be exempted from the payment of the tributes if they go to Jolo to fight the Moros. Even though famous and lasted for 2 years, Palaris was defeated and his body was mutilated and was paraded along the principal streets of Pangasinan with a accompany band.

f. Basi Revolt (1807)
Basi Revolt occurred in Pidding, Ilocos Norte. The rebellion was founded when the Spanairads banned the selling and drinking of Basi, a drink from Ilocos Norte. The revolt was unsuccessful and was suppressed by the Spaniards.

IV. The Execution of Gomburza
a. Reason
- The main reason for the execution of the Priests, Father Gomez, Father Burgos and Father Zamora, is that they are suspected in plotting and creating movements against the Spanish church. They are also suspected of supervising a mutiny in Cavite.

b. Effects
- The execution of Gomburza awakened the Nationalism Filipinos.
- Filipinos Filipinos begun to work together and unify with one another in order to achieve freedom and for their country.
- It gave birth to Nationalism

V. The Birth of Nationalism
Nationalism is also called as National consciousness. It was born on 1872 after the execution of the Gomburza. The Gomburza was considered as the turning point of of history for the Filipinos. Self-interest and patriotism was set aside and Filipinos begun to unify and cooperate with one another.

- James Marcos